With the development of implant dentistry and biomaterials, dental implants have become the first rehabilitative option proposed for the treatment of missing teeth. Most studies about dental implants and biomaterials currently focus on osteogenesis and the osseointegration of the implant, neglecting the importance of the immune response. In recent years, the development of osteoimmunology has been one of the greatest achievements in bone biomaterials; osteoimmunology has revealed the vital role of immune cells in regulating bone dynamics, implying the value of studies on materials with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties. This article reviews the integration between bone tissue and implants and summarizes the effects of the immune response during osseointegration and new bone formation to show the importance of regulating the immune response in this process. The effect of macrophages on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis is then reviewed due to the high plasticity and multiple roles of macrophages during this process. Accordingly, the interaction between the implants, the immune systems and the skeletal system is explained, showing the potential value of osteoimmunomodulation as a biological principle for developing bone biomaterials and new types of implants.
A biomarker is defined as a biological molecule found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of normal or abnormal processes or a condition or disease. In cancer research, biomarkers are classified as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive. The identification and application of biomarkers in clinical practice are important for evaluating their usefulness for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognostic warning and for determining the biological effects of anti-cancer drugs, and they are currently one of the hottest topics in oncological translational research. Currently, translational research on biomarkers mostly focus on oncological diagnosis and molecular typing, targeted therapy, treatment protocol selection and optimization, prognostic prediction, etc. Here, we review the progress of translational research on treatments based on biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma as well as the clinical application of inhibitors targeting EGFR, PD1, PI3K, WEE1, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the SHH pathway, and the ERK pathway. The prospect of research strategies for personalized treatments based on biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma is also discussed.
Objective To investigate the distribution and proportion of M1/M2 macrophages in the periodontal tissues of rats with and without periodontitis.Method Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a chronic periodontitis group (CP, n = 6) and a periodontal health group (PH, n = 6). The periodontitis model was induced at the first mandibular molar using a stainless steel ligature and was confirmed by histological analysis. M1 macrophages were labeled with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and M2 macrophages were labeled with CD163. The distributions of M1 and M2 macrophages in the two groups were determined via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and the M1/M2 ratios were compared between the two groups.Results The M1 type macrophage count in the PH group was 12.17 ± 1.40, and the M1 macrophage count in the CP group was 40.00 ± 3.20; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (t = 7.96, P＜0.0001). The M2 macrophage count in the PH group was 4.50 ± 1.09, and the M2 type macrophage count in the CP group was 5.33 ± 0.67. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (t = 0.65, P = 0.53). The M1/M2 ratio in the CP group was 3.72 ± 1.08, and the M1/M2 ratio in the PH group was 8.31 ± 1.37; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (t = 2.63, P= 0.025).Conclusion During periodontitis, M1 macrophages increased significantly and were widely distributed; they may be involved in the progression of periodontitis and may be closely related to the destruction of the cementum.
Objective To explore the effects of Er: YAG lasers with different pulse energies and of Er: YAG lasers combined with Duraphat on dentine surface morphology and the dentinal tubule exposure rate, thereby providing a theoretical basis and parameters for clinically treating dentine hypersensitivity with Er: YAG lasers.Methods Dentinal tubule exposure models were divided into five groups, namely, group A (single Er: YAG laser exposure), group B (Duraphat+ Er: YAG laser), and group C (Er: YAG laser+Duraphat), which were exposed to 6 levels of pulse energy (80 mJ/P- 250 mJ/P), and experimental control group D (Duraphat group) and blank control group E. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe dentine surface morphology and dentinal tubule closure in these groups, and Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software was used for image analysis to measure the exposure rates of the five groups of dentinal tubules.Results The dentinal tubule exposure rates for the A-D groups were significantly lower than that of the E group (P < 0.001); when the Er: YAG laser pulse energy was less than 250 mJ/P, the dentinal tubule exposure rates for the A-C groups were all lower than that of the D group, but when the pulse energy was higher than 250 mJ/P, the dentinal tubule exposure rates for the A-C groups were higher than that of the D group, showing significant differences (P < 0.001); under the same handling method, when the pulse energy was 80~200 mJ/P, the dentinal tubule exposure rate decreased as the pulse energy increased. If the pulse energy reached 250 mJ/P, the exposure rate of the dentinal tubules increased instead. There were apparently no significant differences between 80 mJ/P, 100 mJ/P, 160 mJ/P and 200 mJ/P in the A and C groups or between 80 mJ/P and 100 mJ/P in the B group (P > 0.05), while significant differences existed among the other groups (P< 0.05). Under the same pulse energy, the dentinal tubule exposure rates were A group > C group >B group; under different pulse energies, there existed significant differences between the A and B groups (P < 0.05); when the pulse energy was 120~250 mJ/P, there were significant differences between the B and C groups (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences among other groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Er: YAG lasers can close the dentinal tubules and play a cooperative role if combined with Duraphat; the effects of laser exposure are better if fluorine is applied beforehand; and dentinal tubule closure is positively correlated with the pulse energy of Er: YAG lasers within a certain energy scope, but when the pulse energy reaches 200 mJ/P, the dentine surface is excessively fused and injured.
Objective To investigate the levels of the Twist and Vimentin proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and analyze the clinical significance of Twist and Vimentin.Methods Eighty-five samples of OSCC and fifteen samples of normal oral mucosa were collected. Immunohistochemistry (SP method) was used to detect the expression of proteins, including Twist and vimentin. The relationship among these proteins and clinical pathological parameters was analyzed using SPSS statistical software.Results In the normal group, 13.3% (2/15) of samples were positive for the Twist protein; this value was significantly lower than that in OSCC group (80.0%, 66/85) (χ 2=26.98, P < 0.001). The expression of Twist was associated with clinical stage (χ 2=5.40, P=0.02) and lymph node metastasis (χ 2=8.35, P=0.006), while no correlations were found between the expression of Twist and sex (χ 2=0.23, P=0.63), age (χ 2= 0.31, P=0.58), location (χ 2=1.46, P=0.235) or degree of differentiation (χ 2=1.52, P=0.47). Additionally, 6.7% of samples (1/15) were positive for vimentin; this value was significantly lower than that in OSCC group (74.1%, 63/85) (χ 2=20.71, P < 0.001). The expression of vimentin was associated with clinical stage (χ 2=4.51, P=0.034) and lymph node metastasis (χ 2=6.75, P=0.009), while no correlations were found between the expression of vimentin and sex (χ 2=0.40, P=0.53), age (χ 2=0.17, P=0.68), location (χ 2=0.74,P=0.39) or degree of differentiation (χ 2=4.58, P=0.10). Spearman correlation analyses showed that Twist protein expression was positively correlated with vimentin (r=0.578, P＜0.05). Conclusion Our data demonstrate that in OSCC, Twist and vimentin levels were upregulated, and Twist protein expression was positively correlated with vimentin, which indicates that both Twist and vimentin may be involved in the occurrence of OSCC.
Objective To study the relation between the upper first molar root tips and the maxillary sinus floor in patients with different vertical facial patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to explore the reference data for safe clinical orthodontic treatments.Methods Three-dimensional images were reconstructed from CBCT data. The CBCT data from 120 adolescents and adults were divided into three groups (low-angle group, average-angle group, high-angle group) based on vertical facial type. For each subject, the distance from the maxillary sinus floor to the upper first molar root tips was measured, and the types of contacts were classified. ANOVA and LSD t tests were used for statistical comparisons and performed using SPSS 19.0.Results Of the 120 samples, only 27% of the upper first molar root tips lost their contacts with the maxillary sinus floor, and the other 73% of the root tips contacted the sinus to different extents. Significant differences in the distances from the maxillary sinus floor to the upper first molar root tips were found for different vertical facial types (P < 0.05). The high-angle group had the lowest sinus floor, relative to the root tips, of the three adult groups (P < 0.05). In the adult group with a low angle, the measured value for the palatal root tips was the lowest and was significantly different from those in the other groups (P < 0.05).Conclusion Seventy-three percent of the upper first molar root tips contacted the maxillary sinus floor. The maxillary sinus floor tended to be lower relative to the first molar root tips in patients with a high-angle facial pattern than in others. The roots protruded into the sinus to a greater extent.
Objective This study aims to investigate the clinical effect of the improved extraction of low horizontally impacted mandibular third molars via a “three-section” method.Method Sixty patients with low horizontally impacted mandibular third molars on both sides were selected for this study. A high-frequency electrotome, a 45 degree high-speed turbine and a special long drill needle were used in the test group. The improvement was called “three section”, which meant that the tooth was cut into three parts; first, the middle part was taken, then the root, and then the crown. One month later, the other side (control) was extracted using the regular method (the tooth was cut in two parts, and the crown was removed first). Operation time, swelling, pain, and limitations to mouth opening were carefully recorded and statistically analyzed.Results The time for the modified “three-section” method, which was used to remove the third molar embedded in the lower part of the lower jaw, was (10.05 ± 0.51) min, while the mean time for conventional extraction was (20.15 ± 0.88) min, and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.01). There were significant differences (P< 0.01) in swelling, pain and limitations to mouth opening between the test group and the control group.Conclusion The use of the “three-section” method to extract third molars horizontally embedded in the lower jaw is associated with a shorter operation time, reduced trauma and reduced postoperative reactions, and it has valuable clinical applications.
Objective To investigate the risk factors for caries in preschool children to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of caries in primary teeth.Method From July 2017 to September 2017, 183 children aged 3-6 who received treatment for caries in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, were randomly selected for recording of the caries status of deciduous teeth, and a questionnaire was collected from their guardians. Risk factors for caries in primary teeth were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software．Results The mean dmft (decayed, missing and filled teeth) value of all samples was 9.91 ± 5.12. There was no significant difference in dmft between boys (10.38 ± 5.26) and girls (9.55 ± 5.01) (t = -1.088, P > 0. 05). There were 40 cases (21.86%) in the mild caries group (dmft = 3.13 ± 1.34) and 143 cases in the severe group (dmft = 11.80 ± 4.07). Oral hygiene before one year of age, duration of tooth brushing, number of oral hospital examinations and frequency of sugar intake were significantly associated with caries status (P < 0.05). Children who brushed their teeth for less than 2 minutes and consumed sugar frequently had high dmft values. Duration of tooth brushing and frequency of sugar intake were significantly associated with caries in the primary teeth (P < 0.05).Conclusion Insufficient tooth brushing time and frequent sugar intake are major risk factors for deciduous caries.
Objective To provide basic data for the prevention of oral diseases in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by investigating the oral health status.Methods Seventy-three children diagnosed with ALL and seventy-three healthy controls participated in the study. Oral examinations were carried out for both groups. The crown caries were analyzed by calculating the incidence of caries, mean caries and dental caries filling rate; the soft scale index (debris index, DI) and plaque index (plaque index, PLI) were used to record oral hygiene status; and the modified gingival index (modified gingival index, MGI) was used to record gingival health status. A questionnaire was given to the parents at the same time. The data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software.Results ① The average numbers of decayed teeth in the observation and control groups were 1.34 ± 171 and 1.15 ± 1.67, respectively. The caries prevalence were 52.05% and 41.10%, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The obturation rate of caries was 6.12% and 20.24%, and the difference between the two groups was significant (P = 0.001). ② The DI, PI and MGI of the observation group were higher than those in control group, and the differences were significant (P< 0.05). ③ There was a mean of 1.21 ± 1.70 caries in male children and 1.47 ± 1.75 in female children; there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The< 6 years old group had a mean of 1.65 ± 1.92 caries and that of the 6~14 group was 0.71 ± 0.95; the difference was significant (P< 0.05). The urban group and rural group had means of 0.87 ± 1.31 and 1.69 ± 1.91 caries, respectively, and the difference was significant (P< 0.05). Children who brushed their teeth and strictly controlled their sweets had significantly fewer mean caries than did those who did not brush their teeth and ate more sweets, and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). ④ The DI, PLI and MGI were significantly different between different age groups and different places of residence (P< 0.05).Conclusion The oral health status of children with ALL was poorer than that of normal children; oral hygiene was not maintained. Thus, more attention must be paid to the prevention and control of caries and periodontal diseases among children with ALL.
The local inflammatory response of the periodontium is a possible mechanism for systemic inflammation and the spread of infection. Both rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease are chronic inflammatory diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, and periodontitis has an infectious etiology with a complex inflammatory response; their clinical features involve the destruction of connective tissue and bone tissue. Genetic factors control the host response to the two diseases; host susceptibility and behavioral risk factors such as smoking play an important role in the development of periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper, certain aspects of their correlation, including their characteristics in epidemiology, bacterial infection, and inflammatory cytokines and genes, are reviewed.
With the increasing development of digital technologies, digital surgical templates have been widely used in stomatology. However, the accuracy of digital surgical templates is always a consideration for many researchers and dentists. This article analyzed the factors affecting the accuracy of digital surgical templates and found that errors arise from six factors, including the design and manufacture of the templates, implant guide support, implant systems and guide systems, implant length, bone density and the clinical experience of the operator; this literature review aims to reduce or eliminate human factors and improve accuracy, objectivity and security in implant placement.
Increasing numbers of edentulous patients and patients with dental defects are willing to accept implant restorations. However, the development of peri-implantitis is a major factor leading to implant failure. The worsening of peri-implantitis promotes the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α and the gene expression of RANKL, inhibits the gene expression of OPG, and increases osteoclast activity, which promotes bone absorption indirectly and leads to a negative balance in bone metabolism. To gain knowledge about the relationship between peri-implantitis and NF-κB signaling pathways, this article summarizes related reports about peri-implantitis and NF-κB signaling pathways, explores the regulatory mechanism by which peri-implantitis affects bone metabolism and NF-κB signaling, discusses the effect of immunological cytokines on NF-κB signaling pathways when inflammation arises, and provides a theoretical foundation for peri-implantitis research and prevention.
Unilateral maxillary defects are common clinical maxillofacial deformities. Because of their large area and the complexity of the maxillary structure, the distribution of pressure from dental prostheses and on the sustentacular tissue is usually uneven, which often results in pain or ulceration of the soft tissue and agomphiasis during the therapeutic process. Recently, the finite element method has been used to guide prosthesis design and implantation. This method is conducive to the restoration and stability of the dental prosthesis and the protection of the remaining tissue, which improves restoration quality and patient satisfaction. This paper summarizes the establishment of a three-dimensional finite element model of unilateral maxillary defects and its application in repairing unilateral maxillary defects with traditional prostheses, implant-supported prostheses and surgical flap transplantation combined with prostheses.
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