Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common oral cancer, with early lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Surgery is the primary treatment based on sequential therapy for TSCC. The treatment of TSCC has evolved gradually in the past few years and has exhibited a trend of standardization and personalization. Several aspects of TSCC treatment are discussed in this article, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy, functional rehabilitation, psychological rehabilitative treatment, prognosis and follow-up systems. This article comments on the types of treatments and research progress for TSCC in China and abroad with the aim of providing a better understanding and references for clinical treatment.
Increasing numbers of adult patients are seeking orthodontic treatment, which increases the need for orthodontists to treat malocclusion in periodontally compromised teeth affected by periodontitis. It is essential to control active inflammation prior to initiating an orthodontic protocol to avoid further breakdown of alveolar bone caused by periodontitis. However, whether the condition of periodontal ligaments can completely recover to a normal condition after controlling inflammation and tolerate orthodontic tooth movement remains controversial. The present review elaborates, from clinical trials (macroscopic) to biological tests (microscopic), the characteristics of periodontal tissue and periodontal ligament cells with a history of periodontitis that are submitted to orthodontic force loading. The following conclusions are made: 1. Orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised patients is unusual because of changes in periodontal condition. 2. The combination of orthodontic force loading and uncontrolled periodontal inflammation aggravates pathological bone resorption; therefore, it is crucial to perform periodontal therapy prior to orthodontic treatment. 3. The periodontal ligament can withstand proper mechanical force loading after periodontal treatment. 4. Orthodontic treatment, as an adjunctive therapy, can improve periodontally compromised tissue and pathological tooth movement.
Objective This study investigated the effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) on human synovial fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hSFMSCs) in the temporomandibular joint. Methods hSFMSCs from synovial fluid samples of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients were cultured in vitro. hSFMSCs were divided into three groups with different concentrations of rhIL-1β in complete medium (α-MEM cell culture medium + 10% FBS + 1× GlutaMAX): 0 ng/mL IL-1β group, 1 ng/mL IL-1β group and 10 ng/mL IL-1β group. Changes in the rate of colony formation, growth curve, cell cycle and apoptosis of hSFMSCs under IL-1β stimulation were evaluated. The osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic potential of the cells were also determined using histochemical and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR methods. Results No significant differences in growth or proliferation capacity were observed in any IL-1β-stimulated group in comparisons of the colony-formation rate (F = 0.665, P=0.548), growth curve (F=0.001, P=0.999), cell cycle (FG1=0.773, PG1=0.503; FS =0.636, PS =0.562) or apoptosis (F=0.196, P=0.827) of the cells. However, the multidifferentiation capacity of hSFMSCs was affected in the inflammatory environment. Mineralized nodule and lipid clusters decreased significantly, and the gene expression levels of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), peroxisomal proliferative receptor G2 (PPARG2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were suppressed significantly in IL-1β-mediated induction medium (P < 0.05). In general, cartilage pellets formed in all the IL-1β-mediated chondrogenic differentiation groups. The gene levels of sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility group box-9 (SOX9) and collagen II were decreased (P < 0.05), while that of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) was increased significantly in the presence of IL-1β (P < 0.05). Conclusion IL-1β directly affects the multidifferentiation potential of hSFMSCs but not their cell growth or proliferation ability.
Objective The present study investigated the effects of the inflammatory microenvironment mediated by macrophages on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs). Methods Conditioned medium containing inflammatory factors was collected following macrophage activation with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PDLCs were isolated from healthy teeth and cultured in conditioned medium (LPS-CM group) or normal medium (control group), and the proliferation of PDLCs was detected using the MTT assay. The cells were cocultured with an osteogenic inducer for 3 d and 7 d, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of PDLCs was detected using an ALP kit. The mRNA expression levels of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and collagen I (COL-I) were detected using real-time PCR, and the protein levels of RUNX2, OCN, and COL-I were detected using Western blotting. Mineralization nodules were observed using Alizarin red staining after osteoinduction for 14 d. Results The OD value of PDLCs in the LPS-CM group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of RUNX2, OCN, and COL-I in the LPS-CM group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition to the OCN 3 d group (t = 2.75, P = 0.056), the protein expression of RUNX2, OCN, and COL-I in the LPS-CM group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). However, the ALP activity of the LPS-CM group was higher than that of the control group, which was 1.58-fold greater (t = 5.91, P = 0.030) at 3 d and 1.29-fold greater (t = 6.01, P = 0.046) at 7 d. The number of calcified nodules in the LPS-CM group was significantly less than that in the control group (t = 8.63, P = 0.048). Conclusion The inflammatory microenvironment mediated by macrophages may inhibit the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs.
Objective The present study investigated the role of a diode laser in the treatment of fistula chronic periapical periodontitis in elderly people. Methods A total of 114 cases of fistula chronic periapical periodontitis in the elderly were randomly divided into an experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, a diode laser was used to disinfect the root canal and the internal wall of the fistula after root canal preparation, and Vitapex paste was used in both groups for root canal disinfection. The control group was treated with conventional root canal therapy without laser treatment. The fistula healing rate was calculated, and root canal filling was performed in both groups two weeks later if the fistula was healed. A curative effect was observed at 3 months and 12 months. Results The fistula healing rate was 90.0% in the experimental group and 75.8% in the control group after 2 weeks. There was a significant difference between the two groups at 2 weeks (χ2 = 4.19, P < 0.05) but not at 3 months and 12 months (P > 0.05). Conclusion The use of a diode laser to disinfect the root canal and fistula of teeth in the elderly with fistula periapical periodontitis can significantly shorten the healing time of fistula.
Objective The present study observed the clinical effects on reattachment and pulpotomy of young crown-fractured and pulp-exposed permanent incisors. Methods In a one-year retrospective clinical observation study, 30 traumatic intact segments of permanent incisors with crown fracture and pulpal exposure were treated using a pulpotomy and reattachment technique with an enamel-dentin luting agent and composite resin. Results The number of subsequent visit teeth was 30, 29, 25 at 1, 3, 6 months follow-up respectively. The pulpotomy success rates were 100% at 1 month, 93.1% at 3 months, 93.1% at 6 months. The retention rates using the reattachment technique were 100% at 1 month, 100% at 3 months, 100% at 6 months. Conclusion Pulpotomy is the preferred method of preserving live pulp after pulpal exposure of young permanent incisors, and the clinical effect is prominent. The fragment reattachment technique is an effective middle- and short-term method for temporary restoration of young crown-fractured permanent incisors.
Objective The present study evaluated the clinical effects of Invisalign-aided molar distalization in the treatment of mild or moderate crowding in anterior teeth. Methods Eleven adults with class Ⅱ dental malocclusion and a class Ⅰ skeletal pattern were selected as subjects. The patients’ molar occlusion did not exhibit an end-to-end relationship. Subjects were selected for straight profile, mild or moderate crowding in maxillary teeth and normal or mild crowding in mandibular teeth. Nonextraction and Invisalign-aided molar distalization were planned for treatment. Model measurement and cephalometric analysis were performed before and after treatment. A paired t test was used for the statistical analysis. Results The crowding and class Ⅱ molar relationship were corrected in all 11 patients. The upper first molars were moved distally by 2.32 mm (t = 3.315, P < 0.01) and were inclined distally by 3.35° (t = 3.959, P < 0.01) on average. The central incisors were protruded by 1.72 ° (t = 3.274, P < 0.01) on average. The buccal movement of the upper first molars was 1.32 mm (t = 2.461, P < 0.05) on average. The above differences were statistically significant. Conclusion Upper molar distalization can be achieved using a class Ⅱ elastic-aided Invisalign technique. The end-to-end molar occlusion can be corrected, and front teeth with mild or moderate crowding can be aligned using our treatment protocol.
Objective The present study investigated the clinical effects of a single complete denture using two-step fine impression during the restoration of mandibular alveolar ridge atrophy. Methods A back-end window tray that was personalized and adjusted was used to obtain the original impression for a mandibular alveolar ridge case. The individual trays were made with the conception of mandibular occlusal denture, and the final impression was obtained after active edge shaping using different viscous silicones. Results A case of single complete denture with mandibular alveolar ridge atrophy restoration was accomplished using a single complete denture and two-step fine impression. The denture was well fixed and functioned well, and the patient was satisfied. Conclusion The application of fine impression into a single complete denture is helpful for the restoration of mandibular alveolar ridge atrophy.
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are two important signaling molecules for natural bone repair that are widely applied in the field of bone tissue engineering. BMP-2 accelerates the maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts, and bFGF exhibits significant effects on the promotion of cell division and angiogenesis. The osteogenesis mechanism of BMP-2 differs from that of bFGF, leading to a potentially complementary role between the two proteins. The use of a suitable dose of bFGF in combination with BMP-2 in bone tissue engineering synergistically promotes the formation of new bone and exhibits a better repair effect than either single growth factor. However, the suitable dose range of BMP-2 and bFGF in combination should be further clarified. The mechanism of the synergism and antagonism between BMP-2 and bFGF must be further delineated, and a drug delivery system that better simulates the growth factor release pattern during natural bone repair remains to be designed.
As a new generation of autologous platelet concentrates, concentrated growth factors (CGF) have demonstrated potential for promoting soft and hard tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo, and this potential has also been demonstrated in clinical trials. CGF may be used alone or with bone graft materials in guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone regeneration, internal sinus elevation, and reconstruction of bone defects after the removal of jaw cysts. As a rich source of growth factors, CGF have performed well in periodontal regeneration.
The application of staining via immersion and preshading may produce good coloring of zirconia ceramics, and the transparency of zirconia stained via immersion is better than preshaded. The color of zirconia changes under repeated firing, but the changes are in the clinically acceptable range. Repeated firing may affect the bending strength of zirconia but still satisfies the clinical needs. The shear bond strength between zirconia and resin cement may be increased using staining via immersion or repeated firing.
Cell gap junctions are a universal form of cellular connection in animal tissue that mediate the exchange of information, energy and material between adjacent cells. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the abnormal expression of the connexin 43 （Cx43） gene is closely associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The present study reviewed relevant studies concerning the association between abnormal expression of Cx43 and oral squamous cell carcinoma as well as communication abnormalities of cell gap junctions.
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