Objective To evaluate clinical effects of of computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing(CAD/CAM) on the ceramic onlay restoration of endodontically treated posterior tooth.Methods 126 endodontically treated posterior teeth were restored with chair-side CAD/CAM ceramic onlays. The patient satisfaction surveys were carried out immediately after restoration. Clinical evaluations, including marginal adaptation, contour apearance, surface texture, color match were made according to the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria immediately after the restoration and 1 year follow-up.Results More than 91% patients were satisfied with the restorations. According to USPHS criteria, 92.1％and 91.3%（χ ² = 0.052,P = 0.820） restorations reached A level inmarginal adaptation immediately and in 1 year follow-up, and that was 97.6% for the contour appearance, 95.2% and 93.7%（χ ² = 0.303,P = 0.582） for the surface texture, 80.2% and 81.7%（χ ² = 0.103,P = 0.748） for the color match. Only one ceramic restoration fractured during follow-up. Conclusion CAD/CAM ceramic onlays have good clinical effect in restoration of endodontically treated posterior teeth .

Dental implant restoration is an effective way to restore the chewing and aesthetic function for edentulous. However, dental implant restoration is facing great challenges of the lack of available bone, the maxillary sinus or inferior alveolar nerve vascular bundle, which is often necessary to carry out the related bone augmentation operation. All-on-Four technique is to use four implants in the anterior part of complete edentulous jaws, the two most anterior implants are placed axially whereas the two posterior implants are placed distally angled, to support a provisional, fixed, and immediately loaded prosthesis. The technique avoids the artificial bone substitutes implantation and maxillary sinus augmentation or other bone augmentation surgery. Besides, it could alleviate patients' psychological reaction, postoperative reaction, as well as time and money costs. It is considered a feasible treatment method to combine the application of the oblique implant and the axial implant in the treatment of the edentulous patients. This paper will elaborate on the concept of All-on-Four, the conventional technology, the evaluation research and some new viewpoints.

Over the past ten years, with the progress of science and technology and improvement of equipment, the root canal treatment level has been promoted rapidly, and the root canal treatment effect has realized qualitative improvement. The 3 elements for the success of the root canal therapy which were the understanding of the root canal, sufficient preparation, close obturation were summarized and analyzed in this paper.

Objective To study the value of the application of cone beam CT on the research of root canal morphology of maxillary first molars.Methods Eighty-three maxillary first molars of 70 patients were randomly selected in this study. All teeth were examined for morphology of roots and root canals by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The root canals configuration was classified using Vertucci’s classification. The incidence of second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) was calculated.Results All of the maxillary first molars had three separated roots. The incidence of MB2 canal was 38.6%. In the mesiobuccal roots, the most common Vertucci classifications of canal types were type Ⅰ (1-1, 61.4%), type Ⅳ(2-2, 18.1%), typeⅡ(2-1, 15.7%), type Ⅲ(1-2-1, 4.8%).Conclusion The root canal system of maxillary first molars is complicated. CBCT images can facilitate the identification of root canal and provide reference for the root canal treatment.

Objective To evaluate the effect of the comprehensive intervention of the oral health education for children aged 6 to 12 years.Methods The oral health knowledge questionnaire was used to evaluatethe children′s awareness about oral health and the correct rate of tooth-brushing before and after 12-month comprehensive intervention. Two organizational forms about pit and fissure sealant were adopted. In city school, students were brought by their parents to the hospital to do pit and fissure sealant, while in rural school, hospital medical team went to schools to do pit and fissure sealant for the students. Compare the sealants retention rate in 12-month follow-up between two forms. The total sealants retention rate among 6-month, 12-month and 24-month follow-up were compared.Results Before and after oral health education guidance, the rate of children′s oral health awareness was 68% and 96%, and the correct rate of tooth-brushing was 64% and 92% respectively (P<0.05). There was statistical difference before and after comprehensive intervention. The rate of pit and fissure sealant was 84.02% in city school and 97.98% in rural school and the sealant retention rate in 12-month follow-up was 86.75% and 85.29% respectively(P<0.05). The total sealants retention rate among 6-month, 12-month and 24-month follow-up were 92.01%, 86.02%, and 82.14% respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion The oral comprehensive intervention is helpful to improve the children′s awareness about oral health.

Objective To evaluate the short term adjuvant effect of Er:YAG laser in non surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis.Methods Thirty patients were included into this split-mouth single blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Teeth in the test group were treated with a single application of Er:YAG laser and scaling and root planing (SRP), while teeth in the control group were treated with SRP alone. Periodontal inflammatory parameters, plaque index, gingival index, and probing pocket depth were measured at baseline, 4-week and 3-month follow-up. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from the periodontal pockets of teeth.Results At 4-week follow-up, probing pocket depth and gingival crevicular fluid showed significant difference between test group and control group (P<0.05). At 3-month follow-up, probing pocket depth, plaque index, gingival index, and gingival crevicular fluid showed significant difference between test group and control group (P<0.05).Conclusion In the short term effect, Er:YAG laser has a certain auxiliary therapeutic effect in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Objective To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of 2 different pulp capping materials (ProRoot MTA and iRoot BP Plus).Methods Modified direct contact test (DCT) was performed as follow. ProRoot MTA and iRoot BP Plus were set for 7 days, then crushed and immersed into deionized water at concentrations of 200 g·L ^-1 for another 7 days. PH values of the supernatants of the aqueous extracts were measured with a pH meter. The germfree supernatants were mixed with Streptococcus mutans suspensions and then incubated for 24 hours. The survival of bacteria was assessed by measuring the optical density (OD) at 600 nm with an automated microplate reader.Results PH values of the aqueous extracts of ProRoot MTA and iRoot BP Plus were between 12 and 13, and no statistically significant difference was found (t = 0.133, P = 0.899). Both ProRoot MTA and iRoot BP Plus demonstrated good antibacterial properties (P < 0.05), and iRoot BP Plus performed a better antibacterial effect (P < 0.05).Conclusion IRoot BP Plus performed a better antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans when compared to ProRoot MTA.

Objective To evaluatethe detection rate, typing, and therapeutic effect of second mesiobuccal canals(MB2) of first molars under dental operating microscope.Methods 88 maxillary molars with the presence of MB2 through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were collected, in which 68 were received root canal treatment and 20 were received root canal retreatment because of the missing canal of MB2 respectively. The type of mesiobuccal root canal in the former 68 maxillary molars were analyzed under CBCT. The 68 maxillary molars were divided into 2 groups, with 34 in each group. The experienment group received treatment under dental operating microscope, while the control group under naked eyes. MB2 detection rate, treatment and retreatment effect between two groups were compared. The latter 20 maxillary molars were also seperated into 2 groups, in which 10 cases were treated under microscope and 10 cases were treated under naked eye. The effect of retreatment was observed.Results The type of mesiobuccal root canal in 68 maxillary molars under CBCT were mainlytypeⅡand typeⅢ, with the proportion of 77.9% (53 cases) and 22.1% (15 cases) respectively. The detection rate of MB2 in the experimental group was 100%, and 91.2% (30 cases) in the control group, a statistical difference can be found between 2 groups (P < 0.05). 97.5% (33 cases) of the experimental group was successfully treated, and 79.4% (27 cases) for the control group (P < 0.05). The success rate of retreatment under microscope was 60% (6 cases), which was significantly higher than that of the naked eye (P < 0.05). In 3-month and 6-month follow-up, the treatment effect in experimental group was significantly better than the control group (P < 0.05).Conclusion Dental microscope can help to increase MB2 detection rate and improve treatment and retreatment effect.

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common cancer of head and neck malignancies. Despite advances in therapeutic management, the prognosis for TSCC patients has remained poor. Local or regional relapse and cervical lymph node metastasis are clinical challenges. This review has introduced the research progress on cancer invasion and metastasis related genes, micro RNAs, EMT and cancer stem cells behavior and so on. With the further study on the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis of TSCC, the difficulties might be overcome.

Objective To investigate the advantage and disadvantage between annular bone block embedded in maxillary sinus lift and conventional maxillary sinus lift.Methods =One hundred and twenty sinuses from 80 patients of serious insufficient of bone quantity (0-4 mm height of residual bone in the posterior maxilla) were divided into two groups randomly. Each group contained 60 sinuses. By preparing annular bone block at the alveolar ridge crest, 60 sinuses augmentation were carried out by repetitive knocking annular bone block under light force in the group of route from the crest of alveolar bone and 60 mucosa of maxillary sinuses were lifted up by routine fenestration operation on the maxillary lateral wall in the conventional sinus lifting group. Implants were implanted after six months. The perpetual prosthesis was made in 6 months. Misery index of patients, lifting height of sinus floor, the perforating rate of sinus mucosa and the success rate of implantation were compared between two methods. Lifting height of sinus floor was examined through x-ray imaging.Results No nostril hemorrhage was found in the group of route from crest sinus lifting whereas two patients occurred nostril hemorrhage in the conventional group; the mean operation time of route group from the crest of alveolar bone and the route group form the lateral wall was (42.82 ± 3.46) min, (88.38 ± 4.37) min, the difference was statistically significant (t = 35.237, P = 0.001) ; misery index of route group from the crest of alveolar bone and the route group form the lateral wall was (4.20 ± 0.68), (6.34 ± 0.45), the difference was statistically significant (t = 3.056, P = 0.003) ; lifting height of sinus floor of route group from the crest of alveolar and the route group form the lateral wall was (12.44 ± 2.48) mm, (12.28 ± 2.87) mm , and there was no statistical significance (t = 0.908, P = 0.390).Conclusion The route from the crest of alveolar bone could obviously reduce operative wound and postoperative complications, shorten operative time, lessen the trauma of operation, the difference was statistically significant between two methods. Two groups had no significant difference on lifting height of sinus floor, the perforating rate of sinus mucosa and the success rate of implantation.

Cracked tooth is a common type of tooth fracture with diverse symptoms, different treatment principles and unpredictable prognosis. The available remedies for immediate, intermediate and definitive managements include occlusal adjustment, orthodontic band, bonded composite resin, onlay, full crown and so on. For teeth with localized crack and vital pulp, bonded composite resin and onlay with cuspal coverage are also protective remedies besides traditional full-crown restoration. Once pulpal infection occurs, root canal therapy and full-crown restoration is indicated. Clinical determination should be made with comprehensive consideration of the location and depth of the crack, risk of extension and pulpal condition. This review will focus on the traits and prognosis of various therapy options, so as to provide evidence-based treatment planning of cracked tooth.

Objective To construct the Beagle canine periodontal defect model and to observe the effect of periodontal tissue defect repairment of the periodontal membrane stem cells-dental follicle stem cells composite membrane. Methods Dog follicle stem cells (dDFSCs) and dog periodontal ligament stem cells (dPDLSCs) were isolated enzymatically and ex-panded in vitro. The dDFSCs, dPDLSCs and the mixed cells were used to make cell sheets separately. Then, three types of cell sheets were transplanted to dental root surfaces having three-wall periodontal defects in an allogeneic manner, and bone defects were filled with hydroxyaptite-tricalcium phosphatel (HA-TCP). The group only filled with HA-TCP was set as the control group. The periodontal clinical indices were evaluated at the time of 1 week and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. 12 weeks after surgery, the animals were sacrificed and decalcified specimens were prepared. Healing of the periodontal defects was evaluated histologically and histometrically. Results Periodontal clinical examination, histological and histometrical analysis indicate that the periodontal healing of cell sheets groups were superior to the control group, and the mixed cells sheets group was superior to the other two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Allogeneic composite cell sheets of dDFSCs and dPDLSCs shows better effects in the repairment of Beagle periodontal tissue defect.

Objective To evaluate the effect of decompression treated large cystic lesions of the jawsand analyze the influencing factors. Methods With the panoramic radiographs, the cysts size were measured before and after decompression in 6 dentigerous cysts (DC), 9 keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KTOC) and 10 unicystic ameloblastomas (UA). The reduction rate in the three cystic groups was calculated. Relationships between the age of the patient, the initial size of the cyst and the reduction rate were also analyzed. Results The reduction size of the three types of cysts at 6 months after decompression: DC group 60.73% ± 7.15%, KTOC group 60.99% ± 4.00%, UA group 59.25% ± 6.81%.There was no difference in their reduction rate between the three types of cysts (P>0.05). However, there was a statistically meaningful relationship between the initial size of the lesion and the absolute reduction rate in the UA and KOTC group (UA group: P<0.01, R=0.99; KTOC group: P<0.01, R=0.86). There was also a significant relationship between the age of the patient and the absolute reduction rate in the DC and UA groups (DC group: P<0.01, R=0.99; UA group: P<0.01, R=0.99). Conclusion There was no difference in the reduction in size due to decompression between the three types of cysts. However, the age of the patient and the initial size of the lesion showed a significant relationship with the reduction rate.

Objective To develop a simple and fast purifingmethod of dental follicle cell by the character of different velocity of attachment of detachment between dental follicle cells and enamel organ cells.Methods The lower first intact molar germs of SD rats with 5-6 days old were selected and separated. The dental follicle and enamel organ were stipped together under the stereo microscope. After minced into little pieces and degested with trypsin and cultured, the dental follicle cells were purified by diffierential adherence and differential passage. The final purified cells were identified by immunocytochemistry.Results The primay cells were mixed, consisting of dental follice cells and enamel organ cells. After differential adherence and passage, the cells of 2-3th passage became purified dental follicle cells.Purified dentalfollicle cells were elongate spindle or triangle in shape, positive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin.Conclusion Bidirectional differential method is an efficient and simple method for the purification of dental follicle cells.

Objective To analyze the influence of the nursing intervention on the efficacy of the improved life quality of patients with tongue cancer.Methods Forty-nine patients who had primary resection of tongue cancer were devided into the study group (25 cases) and the control group (24 cases). The study group received speech training, oral care guidance, comprehensive nursing intervention measures after leaving hospital, the control group was only for general hospital discharge guidance after a 24 to 58 months follow-up. After 24 months, all patients were asked to finish University of Washington Quality of Life version 4 to evaluate the life quality.Results Difference of the overall quality of life between experimental group and control group was statistic significant (69.8 vs 65.6) (P=0.009). In terms of individual score, there were significant differences between the two groups (51.1 vs 43.0) (P=0.002), but there was no significant difference in emotional function, oral function and social function (P>0.05).Conclusion The positive intervention of family nursing can improve the recovery of the patient's speech ability and life quality.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing primary caries in 3-5 years old children in the kindergarten collective environment and provide necessary information for oral health care plans. Methods Children aged 3-5 years old were randomly assigned into two study groups. The test group was treated with fluoride varnish and given oral hygiene instruction semi-annually for 4 times; the control group was only given oral hygiene instruction semi-annually. Follow-up examinations were conducted after 4 interventions to monitor primary caries increment among these children. Results After intervention, the caries prevalence of test group raised from 51.61% to 59.14%, with incidence of 7.53% at last. In the control group, the prevalence before and after was 52.61% and 73.93%, with the incidence of 21.33%. The differences of the prevalence, the dmft value and the incidence between the test group and control group were significant. Conclusion Semi-annual application of fluoride varnish is effective in the prevention of dental caries in primary teeth of children and can improve the oral health of children.

Objective To evaluate the apical sealing ability of different obturationtechniques in oval-root canals.Methods After root canals shaping with Mtwo instruments, 42 premolars with oval-root canals were randomly divided into 3 groups of 14 teeth each. Group A wereobturated by single-cone technique. Group B were obturated by modified continuous wave condensation technique. Group A were obturated by lateral condensation. IRoot SP was used as root canal sealer in all groups. The apical leakage was evaluated by dye penetration method and transparent teeth technique.Results Mean depth of leakage was (1.34 ± 0.33) mm for group A, (0.84 ± 0.40) mm for group B and (1.13 ± 0.33) mm for group C. There was significant difference between group A and group B (P = 0.004). while no significant difference was found between group A and group C (P = 0.198), group C and group C (P = 0.072). Conclusion The oval-root canalobturated withmodified continuous wave condensation withiRoot SP as sealercan get a goodapical sealing ability.

Objective To evaluate the effects of decompression in treating large maxillary cystic lesions.Methods 25 cases of large maxillary cystic lesions were performed decompression during Oct. 2007-Oct. 2014. According to the clinical and radiological examination, morphology of maxillary sinus and cyst cavity were observed.Results 12 cases of radicular cysts, 10 cases of dentigerous cysts, and 3 cases of keratocystic odontogenic tumor were diagnosed according to pathological examination. The appearance of the maxillary sinus were completely restored and the cyst disappeared totally in 7 cases after the first 3 months, and then after the next 9-12 months, the other 18 cases had the appearance of maxillary sinus completely or basically restored with a following enucleation of cysts. All patients were followed up for 1-5 years, and no recurrence was observed. Conclusion To treat large maxillary cystic lesions by decompression is effective to conserve the morphology and function of maxillary sinus, and it is a simple surgical approach with less damage and complications.

Maxillary sinus floor elevation is a common method to increase the bone height in posterior maxilla. Maxillary sinus floor elevation can be divided into 2 types: sinus floor elevation with lateral window approach and sinus floor elevation with trans-alveolar approach. The present article reported the anatomy, antibiotics choice, indications, grafting, growth factors, complications and the influence of tobacco on maxillary sinus floor elevation.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy of basic periodontal therapy combined with local medication for erosive oral lichen planus (OLP).Methods 56 patients with erosive oral lichen planus and periodontitis were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group and control group.Experimental group received basic periodontal therapy and drug therapy. Control group received drug therapy only. For all patients, the clinical symptoms of OLP were examined at baseline, one month after therapy and six month after therapy.Results One month after therapy, there was significant difference in the clinical effects of treatments between experimental group (92.86%) and control group (67.86%) (P<0.05). Six month after therapy, there was significant difference in the clinical effects of treatments between experimental group (85.71%) and control group (57.14%) (P<0.05).Conclusion Basic periodontal therapy can effectively relieve the clinical symptom of OLP in erosiveoral lichen planus patients with chronic periodontitis, indicating that periodontal intervention has positive therapeutic effect.

Objective To investigate the effects of the first molar on the eruption of the third molar by comparing the changes of the third molar position after orthodontic treatment in different tooth extraction modes. Methods 39 cases of adolescent patients were selected and divided into three groups:the first molar extraction, first premolar extraction and non-extraction.The pretreatment, posttreatment panoramic radiographs were measured to analyze the change of the third molar position among these groups. Results There were significant differences (P< 0.05) in the average annual variation of the third molar eruption space and angle. The changes in first molar extraction group were larger than that in premolar extraction group and non-extraction group. The average annual variation of the third molar eruption space, three groups were (2.38 ± 1.62) mm, (1.61 ± 0.90) mm and (1.08 ± 1.49) mm; the average annual variation of eruption angle, the three were 1.89° ± 1.93°, 1.37° ± 1.16° and 0.83° ± 1.74°. Conclusion Compared with conventional treatment, mandibular first molar extraction can significantly increase the third molar eruption space and improve its eruption angle, which is beneficial to the eruption of the third molar.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of Er:YAG laser for pulpotomy in young permanent incisors.Methods 40 young permanent incisors with xeposed pulp were divided into 2 groups respectively. Teeth in laser group were treated with mineral trioxide aggregate combined with Er:YAG laser for pulpotomy with teeth in control group were treated with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) pulpotomy only. Patients were scheduled for follow-up after 1, 3, 6, 12 months to undergo clinical and radiographic examination.Results 18 of the treated teeth in control group and 19 of the treated teeth in laser group showed no clinical or radiographic signs of failure during the follow-up period. There was no significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion Pulpotomy with Er:YAG laser and direct capping with MTA was a successful and effective treatment for pulp exposure in young permanent incisors.

Objective To study the clinical effect of medical collagen sponge in the prevention of postoperative complications after extracting mandibular impacted teeth.Methods 100 cases bilateral extraction of mandibular third molar were required as the objects of the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In test group medical collagen sponge was implanted after tooth extraction, while the control group extraction did not put in any drug. The tooth socket was examined in 30 min and 7 d respectively.Results Low incidence of bleeding, swelling, limitation of mouth opening and dry socket occurred in the test group, which is statistically significant with the control group (P < 0.05).Conclusion Medical collagen sponge can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications of impacted mandibular third molar extraction.

Objective To investigate the influence of the air abrasion on the resin filling microtensile bond strength of deciduous tooth. Methods 24 primary molars were randomly divided into 2 groups. Crown enamel was removed to expose dentin. Superficial occlusal dentin were prepared by air abrasion or high-speed dental bur. Two samples were selected from each group. One of them was directly observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the other was observed by SEM after etching. The rest of samples were restored with the composite resin. Microtensile test was used to examine the microtensile bond strength. Results The microtensile bond strength of air abrasion group was (24.470±3.194) Mpa, which was statistically higher than that of high-speed dental bur group (22.294±2.268) Mpa (P<0.05). The tooth prepared by air abrasion with etching showed the characteristic of "honeycomb" pattern in SEM micrograghs, while the tooth in the control group showed a shallow shape. Conclusion Air abrasion preparation can improve the microtensile bond strength in dentin restorations with the composite resin.

With the advent of dental operating microscope, periradicular microsurgery significantly improved success rate of traditional periradicular surgery, which includes periradiacular curettage, apicoectomy and retrograde filling. The present paper summarizes indication, apical sealing inspection, incision and flap design in anterior aesthetic region, and healing criteria for periradicular microsurgery.

Objective To compare the influences on periodontal condition between self-ligating brackets and conventional brackets. Methods A total of 120 subjects (age range between twelve and sixteen) were selected which were averaged into four groups (C, S1, S2, S3) at random by different bracket types. Group C included 40 patients with conventionally-ligated bracket as control group, and the others (S1, S2, S3) included 40 patients respectively with self-ligating brackets as experimental groups. Before treatment and 1, 3, 6 months after beginning of treatment respectively, the periodontal parameters PLI, GI, PD were examined. Results There was no significant difference between the 4 groups between T0-T1. 3,6 months after the orthodontic treatment , no matter conventionally-ligated bracket or self-ligating brackets, the periodontal parameters PLI, GI of the tested teeth increased significantly than before, however, the values of PD did not show any significant difference. Three and six months after beginning of treatment, PL, SBI, PD between the conventional and self-ligating groups have significant differences (P＜0.05). There were no statistically significant differences at all the time intervals between the self-ligating brackets groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion The self-ligating brackets have an advantage over conventional brackets with respect to the periodontal improving of control of plaque and gingival bleeding, but not for periodontal pocket depth.

Root canal therapy of mandibular first premolar is challenging for there are some variations in mandibular first premolar root canal. And it is easy to fail when there are some tiny missing root canals. This article reported a mandibular first premolar with apical furcation which was found by the combined application of X-ray and CBCT. This article also focuses on root canal exploration and instrumentation, in order to provide evidence for treatment of mandibular first premolar.

The pulpal or periapical diseases of immature permanent teeth often lead to incomplete root development. It is a challenge for us to figure out how to ensure the continuous growth of the teeth and the formation of roots. There are many cases about pulp regeneration reported recently. With the regeneration and differentiation ability of stem cells, which exist in residual pulp tissue, periapical and periodontal tissues, the regeneration of new vital pulp tissue was induced under proper conditions, which is highly vascularized and rich in connective tissue, thus prompting continuous root growth and development, increasing root length, thickening root canal walls, and facilitating the coarctation of the apical foramen. Besides, clinical and radiographic examinations shows successful results about the regenerative treatment, which is of milestone significance. The pulp regeneration treatment is designed to replace the pathological dental pulp tissue with new regenerated pulp tissue, based on biological tissue engineering process. This process includes two key parts: one is pulp revascularization, regenerating new vital pulp tissue in the root canal to achieve the continuous root growth and development; the other is tissue engineering, new pulp dentin complex is regenerated by the stem cells under the induction of suitable biological active scaffolds and growth factors. This article reviews about the research progress and clinical characteristics of aforementioned two key parts.

Objective To evaluate the treatment effect and drug safety of treating infantile head and neck hemangioma with oral propranolol.Methods Oral propranolol was applied to 68 infants(male 20 cases, female 48 cases, from 1 to9-month-old, with an average age of 4.2 month) with heamngiomas. The daily dose of propranolol was increased from0.5 mg/kg at the first day to 1.0 mg/kg at the second day, and to 2 mg/kg at the third day. The daily dose was given equally every 8 hours. A therapy dose of 2 mg/kg/day was given until 1-year old, and the patients were visited every month. The changes of tumor size, texture, color and adverse effects were monitored .The short-term results were evaluated and adverse effects after medication were observed and managed accordingly by Achauer criterion.Results Although side effects were noted in 23 cases (33.8%), most were mild adverse effects and propranolol therapy was continued after symptomatic treatment. 2 patients (2.9%) were stopped therapy due to hypotension and abnormal liver function after drug administration. The results were evaluated using Achauer system, scale Ⅰ(poor) in 6 patients (8.8%), scale Ⅱ(moderate) in 11 patients(16.2%), scale Ⅲ (good) in 17 patients (25%) and scale Ⅳ (excellent) in 32 patients(47.1%).Conclusion Oral propranolol treatment of infantile hemangioma has elicited high efficacy and tolerance with few expected adverse effects. It might be used as the first-line treatment for infantile head and neck hemangioma.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the curved oval root canal filling clearing by two kinds of nickel titanium instruments.Methods 75 mandibular premolars with curved oval root canal were prepared with Heor642 and filled with warm vertical compaction technique. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups: ProTaper Universal Retreatment group (ProTaper UR), Mtwo group, and manual Hedstr?m files group. The percentage of residual filling material from both buccolingual and mesial-distal direction were respectively calculated by X-ray photographs, and the operating time was recorded.Results None of the groups completely removed the filling materials. Two groups of nickel titanium rotary instruments resulted in a smaller percentage of residual filling material compared with the manual Hedstr?m files group from both bucco-lingual and mesial-distal direction, while no significant difference was found between the ProTaper Universal group and Mtwo group. Both of the operating time in the two nickel-titanium groups were less than Hedstrom files group , while no difference was found between the two nickel-titanium groups.Conclusion Both ProTaper UR and Mtwo rotary instruments were effective and efficient in removing filling material, but none of the instruments can completely remove filling material in curved oval root canals.

Objective To explore the clinical results of reconstruction the defects with the supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) following ablation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC).Methods Retrospective analysis was carried out with twelve patients with TSCC who underwent the reconstruction of postoperative defects with SCAIF. Outcome evaluation including location of the defect, flap size and viability, postoperative appearance and function, and complications was evaluated.Results 11 of 12 flaps survived and healed by first intention. Partial skin flap necrosis occurred in 1 patient. All donor site incisions healed by first intention. There was no obvious complication in any patient. The patients underwent followed-up for 6 months and satisfied with their shape and oral function after operation. Conclusion The SCAIF is safe and reliable with minimal donor-site morbidity, which can potentially restore the tongue function and improve quality of life in patients with TSCC.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of microscopic periapical surgery combined with (mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical filling in treatment of chronic apical periodontitis. Methods A total of 64 patients with 91 teeth of chronic apical periodontitis, which couldn't be treated with root canal treatment, were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. 32 patients with 43 teeth in the control group were treated with traditional surgery combined with amalgam filling. 32 patients with 48 teeth in the experimental group were treated with microsurgical apical surgery combined with MTA apical filling. Patients were followed for 12 months. The healing of periapical lesionwere assessed by clinical symptoms and X-ray examination every three months. Results In the experimental group, 27 cases cured, 17 cases improved, the success rate was 91.67% (44/48). In the control group, 19 cases cured, 12 cases improved, the success rate was 72.09% (31/43). The success rate in experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (χ² = 5.997, P = 0.014). Conclusion Effect of microscopic periapical surgerycombined with MTA apical filling in treatment of chronic periapical periodontitis is satifactory.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of an Er:YAG laser and mechanical debridement for the treatment of peri-implantitis. Methods 22 cases of peri-implantitis patients were divided into 2 groups according to the single blind randomized control principle. The experimental group was treated by Er:YAG laser irradiation, the laser energy was set to 100 mJ/pulse, frequency of 10 Hz; plastic curette and 0.2% chlorhexidine antimicrobial therapy was used in the control group. Clinical periodontal index test including plaque index, bleeding index, probing depth and clinical attachment level was conducted at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. Results At baseline, the difference of clinical periodontal index between the experimental group and the control group had no statistical significance (P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment (P<0.01) and 6 months (P<0.05), bleeding index, plaque index of test group and control group had significant difference. Probing depth was reduced by 3 and 6 months after treatment in both 2 groups, and the probing depth had significant difference (P<0.05); while clinical attachment level value showed no statistical significance between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The research shows that the Er:YAG laser treatment can significantly improve peri implant inflammation level, effectiveness of peri-implantitis control is superior than the mechanical curettage treatment.

HH (hedgehog) signal pathway consists the hedgehoge ligand (Shh、Ihh and Dhh), the Patch and Smo membrane protein complex and Zinc finger transcription factor Gli (Gli1, Gli2, Gli3). In HH (hedgehog) signaling pathway, Gli1 not only plays a dominant and decisive role in the zinc finger transcription factor Gli (Glioma-associated oncogene homolog) family, but also includes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oral squamous cell carcinoma, tumor invasion and metastasis. The research on oral squamous cell carcinoma and Shh/Gli1 signal axis is rare. In this paper, the squamous cell carcinoma of oral epithelial mesenchymal transformation and correlation study of quality Gli1 is reviewed.

Objective To compare the clinical effect of the zirconia inlay and gold alloy inlay in the restoration of the second class defect of molar with vital pulp.Methods 60 teeth were randomly divided into zirconia inlay group and gold alloy inlay group, with 30 teeth in each group. Evaluate the restoration effect in 2 group at 1-year follow-.Results At 1-year follow-up, according to US Public Health Service Criteria, the success rate in anatomy zirconia group was93.53%, which was statistically higher than that of the gold alloy group (P<0.05). In the comparison of aesthetics, the anatomy zirconia group was superior to that of the gold alloy group.Conclusion The aesthetic and overall success rate of the anatomy zirconia inlay is superior to that of the gold alloy inlay in the restoration of the second class defect of molar with vital pulp.

Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in children and adolescents has become one of the most serious problems in public health. TDI has relatively high prevalence, broad etiology, which may influence esthetic and function of involved teeth, resulting in economic loss and affecting life quality. The prevalence of TDI increases with children’s age. Males suffer from TDI more easily than females. Maxillary central incisors are most commonly affected. Luxation and enamel fracture are common types of TDI. The main causes of TDI include fall, collision, sport, violence and accident. Overjet, lip incompetency and caries may be risk factors of TDI. According to risk factors of TDI, appropriate prevention measures need to be taken, which is the key of preventing TDI.

幽门螺杆菌是一种肠道致病菌,与胃、十二指肠溃疡及胃癌等多种胃肠道疾病有密切关系,也与多种肠道外疾病相关,尤其是与口腔常见病慢性牙周炎有一定相关性。本文就幽门螺杆菌与慢性牙周炎相关临床流行病学研究进展作一综述。

Objective To compare the effects of three kinds of anesthesia method in ankylotomy.Methods A total of 176 children of ankyloglossia were randomly divided into Ketamine basal intravenous anesthesia group (group A), intubation anesthesia group (group B), and sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia group (group C). The induction time, recovery time, HR, RR, SpO₂, the degree of jaw joints relaxation and adverse reactions was recorded.Results There was no statistical significant difference in HR, RR and SPO₂ between the three groups; The induction time of group A was significantly longer than group B and C. Recovery time of group C was significantly shorter than group A and B. Group A had higher incidence of respiratory depression and laryngospasm and had lower incidence of jaw joints relaxation than other two groups. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was significant lower in group C than in other two groups, but the incidence of agitation during recovery was significant higher than group B.Conclusion Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia by mask in ankylotomy is safe and effective for the ankyloglossia children, but need to prevent the incidence of agitation during recovery.

Objective To analyze the role of TLR4 in innate immune response of dental pulp by comparing the locations and expressions of TLR4 in healthy dental pulp tissue and dental pulp tissue affected by deep caries. Methods Healthy teeth and teeth affected by deep caries were demineralized and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the morphology of dental pulp. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to observe the expressions of TLR4. Results Observed under HE staining, dentin tubules of teeth affected by deep caries were damaged with a lot bacteria mass. The expression of TLR4 were located in the odontoblast layer and near the blood vessels in both groups. Positive staining of TLR4 in deep caries pulps (2.10±0.74) were significantly higher than that in healthy teeth (1.25 ±0.46). Conclusion Expression of TLR4 in deep caries pulp is stronger than that in healthy pulp. It suggests that TLR4 may play a role in the innate immune response of deep caries.

Objective To discuss the feasibility of orthodontic treatment for regenerated periodontal tissues by comparing the difference of tooth movement under orthodontic forces between the normal periodontal tissues and the reconstructed periodontal tissues by the composite cell sheets of dental follicle cells (DFCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs).Methods Six adult male beagles were selected for experiment animals. The first premolar in all four quadrants of each beagle were extracted and a bone defect were made in the same size (4 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm) distal to the extraction sockets. The upper left and the lower right quadrants were divided into the regeneration group by transplantation of the composite cell sheets while the upper right and lower left quadrants were control group without transplantation. 12 weeks after transplantation, the orthodontic forces were introduced to move the second premolar mesially with a force value 150 g. Measurements were done after 4 weeks of traction to record the movement of the tooth. And compare the difference between the regeneration group and control group by the statistical analysis.Results DFCs/PDLSCs composite cell sheets repaired the periodontaltissue and formed the typical alveolar bone-periodontal membrane-cementum structurewhich shows good histological characteristics. experimental group and control group show no statistical difference in the rate of tooth movement (P > 0.05). Conclusion The periodontal tissues regenerated by this kind of the composite cell sheet showed a good response to mechanical stimulation.