With the development of digitalization, information and internet technology, digital dental aesthetic restoration technology is changing the traditional mode of treatment. The development of digital aesthetic restoration therapy is similar to the digital development track in other fields of medicine, in which the use of digital technology for intervention in particular treatment steps is evolving to digitalization throughout the treatment process. Digitalization improves the precision and quality of aesthetic restoration, increases the efficiency of clinical work and is favorable for patients. Digitalization could replace traditional methods, propelling aesthetic restoration into a fully digitalized era. Function, aesthetics and minimal invasiveness are the three major concepts of contemporary prosthodontics, and digital aesthetic restoration technology represents a perfect interpretation of these three concepts. This paper describes recently developed digital technologies for aesthetic restoration and cites the advantages, limitations, and developmental direction of digital restoration dentistry.
Technical complications associated with implant prostheses include abutment or screw loosening, abutment or screw fractures, implant fractures, fracture of the veneering material and loss or misfitting of retention equipment. In this review, implant prostheses are classified as implant-supported single crowns (SCs), implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) or implant-supported fixed complete dentures (FCDs). We evaluated the incidence of technical complications based on the clinical literature published after 2000. Then, we analyzed the reason, prevention and clinical management of abutment or screw loosening, abutment or screw fractures, implant fractures, fracture of the veneering material and loss or misfitting of retention, to reduce the incidence of complications and provide guidance for future oral implant treatment.
Objective To investigate the osteogenic properties of maxillary sinus membrane stem cells (MSMSCs). Methods Beagle maxillary sinus mucosa was collected, immunomagnetic bead method was applied for isolation of CD146+ cells, and MSMSCs were harvested and cultured from the canine maxillary sinus floor mucosa. The levels of the cell surface antigens CD44, CD146, and CD34 were determined at passage one by flow cytometry. Cells at passage one were cultured in basal medium and osteogenic inductive medium. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining, alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining and Von Kossa staining were used to investigate the osteogenic properties in vitro. Results The canine MSMSCs were cultured successfully. The results of flow cytometry were positive for CD146 and CD44 expression but negative for CD34 expression. The relative mRNA expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) (t = 14.44,P < 0.001), osteopontin (OPN) (t = 7.85,P = 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase alkaline phosphatase (t = 14.27,P < 0.001) was apparently higher in the osteoinductive medium group than in the basal medium group, the differences in relative mRNA expression between the groups were significant. The protein levels of RUNX2 and OPN increased in the osteoinductive medium group. The alkaline phosphatase activity of the MSMSCs increased when the cells were cultured in osteoinductive medium; the activity increased to a level that was significantly higher than that in basal medium, particularly at days 3 (t = 8.79, P < 0.001), 7 (t = 9.75,P < 0.001), 14 (t = 12.14,P < 0.001), 21 (t = 19.62,P < 0.001) and 28 (t = 17.53,P < 0.001). Obvious mineralized nodules were observed by alizarin red staining or Von Kossa staining. Conclusion Maxillary sinus membrane stem cells exhibit osteogenic ability.
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of cAMP-responsive-element-binding protein (CREB) overexpression on the differentiation of human stem cells from the apical papilla (hSCAPs), stimulated by transforming growth factor- beta (TGF-β1). Methods Cells were isolated from human immature third molars via enzymatic digestion. Four experimental groups were set up: ①a control group, receiving normal mineralization inducer (α-MEM, 10% FBS, 10 mmol/L β-sodium glycerophosphate, 50 μg/mL vitamin C, 10 nmol/L dexamethasone); ② a TGF-β1 group, receiving normal mineralization inducer and 5 μg/mL TGF-β1; ③ a TGF-β1+LV-empty group, receiving normal mineralization inducer and the transfected empty virus vector with 5 μg/mL TGF-β1; and ④ a TGF-β1+ov-CREB group, receiving normal mineralization inducer and the transfected CREB-overexpressing viral vector, with 5 μg/mL TGF-β1. The transfected cells were cultured in odontogenic medium in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 for 2 weeks. Alizarin red staining was used to detect mineralized nodules, and the mRNA expression of the mineralization genes runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by qPCR. Results Compared with the control group (1.12 ± 0.11), TGF-β1 inhibited the deposition of calcium minerals (0.67 ± 0.12) (P < 0.05) via hSCAPs and inhibited the mRNA expression of RUNX2 (0.60 ± 0.03), DSPP (0.43 ± 0.12) and ALP (0.69 ± 0.05) (P < 0.05). In contrast, overexpression of CREB attenuated the effect of TGF-β1 on hSCAPs, resulting in the development of a high number of mineralized nodules (1.27 ± 0.10) (P < 0.01) and increased RNA levels of RUNX2 (1.33 ± 0.07), DSPP (1.32 ± 0.11) and ALP (1.26 ± 0.03) (P<0.05) compared with those in the TGF-β1 group. Conclusion Overexpressed CREB promotes odontogenic differentiation of hSCAPs by interfering with TGF-β1.
Objective To investigate the effects of luteolin on the invasion and migration of the human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line SCCl5. Methods SCC15 cells were treated with various concentrations of luteolin (5, 10, 15, 20, 40 and 60 μg/mL) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The MTT assay was then carried out to estimate the proliferation of SCC15 cells treated with various concentrations of luteolin. SCC15 cells were treated with various concentrations of luteolin (1, 5 and 10 μg/mL), and the migration of SCC15 cells was examined in wound healing assays. SCC15 cells were treated with various concentrations of luteolin (5 and 10 μg/mL) for 24 h, and the migration and invasion of the cells were examined in Transwell migration/invasion assays. SCC15 cells were treated with various concentrations of luteolin (10, 20 and 40 μg/mL) for 24 h, and the conditioned medium was collected. The levels of the gelatinases matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) in the conditional medium were detected by gelatin zymography assays. Results The MTT assay showed that luteolin had a substantial inhibitory effect on the proliferation of SCC15 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (P < 0.01). The migration, invasion and proliferation of the SCCl5 cell lines were significantly lower after treatment with luteolin than in the control. The numbers of migrating and invading SCCl5 cells were 340.00 ± 22.94, 52.67 ± 6.94 and 6.57 ± 0.80 versus 85.67 ± 5.18, 39.67 ± 4.63 and 2.67 ± 0.29, respectively (P < 0.01). The enzyme activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased significantly in response to luteolin treatment in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.01). Conclusion Luteolin inhibited the invasion and migration of SCC15 cells by reducing the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
Objective To study the vascularization of the collagen-binding basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-loaded collagen membranes in soft tissue repair in the hard palates of rats. Methods Ninety-six male 6-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, and 3-mm-diameter circular soft tissue defects were produced from the distal surface of the third molar to the mesial surface of the first molar in their hard palates. The defects were covered with a collagen-targeting bFGF/collagen membrane, a free bFGF/collagen membrane, a collagen membrane or no membrane (control group). Every 6th rat was randomly sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks in every group after surgery. Wound healing and the number of new blood vessels were measured by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Results The numbers of new blood vessels in the collagen-targeting bFGF/collagen membrane group were 8.94 ± 0.61, 17.39 ± 2.08 and 11.22 ± 1.66 at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, respectively, which were significantly greater than the values in the other groups (P<0.05). At 8 weeks, the number of new blood vessels in the collagen-targeting bFGF/collagen membrane group was 4.17 ± 1.28, and there was no significant difference in the numbers of new blood vessels between any of the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Collagen-targeting bFGF/collagen membranes had a favorable effect on promoting angiogenesis during wound healing, and promoted wound healing.
Objective To compare the differences in the stress distribution in simulated first molars prepared with three rotary nickel-titanium instruments. Methods Four simulated first molars were prepared without instruments and with Reciproc, WaveOne and Protaper. Before and after preparation, each simulated molar was scanned by Micro-CT. The data were imported to Mimics 16.0 software to establish three-dimensional models. Finite element analysis was processed with Abaqus 6.14 software under conditions of longitudinal and lateral load. Results Under vertical load conditions, the maximum von Mises stress of the enamel increased by 1.36%, 21.48% and 20.99% in the Reciproc, WaveOne and Protaper groups, respectively, after preparation, while the maximum von Mises stress of the cementum increased by 55.98%, 41.18% and 33.04%, respectively, and the maximum von Mises stress of the alveolar bone increased by 45.55%, 40.37% and 24.09%, respectively. Under 45° lateral load conditions, the maximum von Mises stress of the enamel increased by 1.79%, -4.58% and 3.82% in the Reciproc, WaveOne and Protaper groups, respectively, after preparation, while the maximum von Mises stress of cementum increased by 16.33%, 7.58% and 4.32%, respectively, and the maximum von Mises stress of the alveolar bone increased by 46.82%, 36.40% and 8.29%, respectively. Under the same conditions, the von Mises stresses of the cementum and alveolar bones of the simulated molars were higher after preparation than before preparation, especially under lateral load conditions. The stress was focused on the border between the crown and the root. The von Mises stress of the cementum and alveolar bones increased much more in the Reciproc group than in the other two groups under both conditions. Conclusion The von Mises stress of simulated molars was greater after preparation than before preparation. The von Mises stress of the cementum and alveolar bones increased much more in the Reciproc group than in the other two groups.
Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of implant-supported prostheses for oral function rehabilitation in patients with ectodermal dysplasia. Methods Thirteen patients were included in the present study. After bone augmentation, zygomatic implants (ZIs) or regular implants (RIs) were placed, fabrication of dental prostheses were applied, and psychological and oral education was carried out. Implant survival rates, patient satisfaction and other related evaluation indicators were assessed. Results The ilium was chosen for autogenic bone grafts in two patients. The fibula was used in two other patients and the mandibular ramus in one other patient. One patient was treated through alveolar distraction osteogenesis of the mandible. Guided bone regeneration was applied in seven other patients. Bone graft resorption in the maxilla was observed in one patient; bone augmentation of the mandible was successful in all patients, and no obvious bone resorption was observed. One hundred and eighteen implants were placed, among which 22 were ZIs, and 96 were RIs. Five RIs failed and were removed. The survival rate for ZIs was 100%, and the survival rate for RIs was 94.79%, in a follow up after 3 years. All patients were satisfied with the restoration of their oral function. More than 50% of the patients exhibited self-confidence. Conclusion Oral function can be restored in edentulous ectodermal dysplasia patients using bone augmentation and implant-supported prostheses, and patient self-confidence can be enhanced. However, the resorption of grafted bone in the anterior region of the maxilla cannot be ignored.
Objective To investigate the relation between serum markers, the degree of lesions and the active period of chronic periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 595 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected, and oral examinations and laboratory tests were conducted. The patients were divided into a periodontally healthy group mild, moderate and severe periodontitis groups depending on the diagnostic criteria for chronic periodontitis. The patients were also divided into periodontally healthy, resting and active groups depending on the diagnostic criteria of the active period. The relationships between serum biochemical indices, the degree of lesions and chronic periodontitis activity were analyzed. Results The prevalence of chronic periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes was 74.6%, and the proportions of patients with mild, moderate, and severe chronic periodontitis were 44.9%, 16.1% and 13.6%, respectively. The composite ratio of active periodontal chronic periodontitis was 33.1%. Compared with the patients in the control group, the fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels were more poorly controlled in the type 2 diabetes mellitus groups with chronic periodontitis (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in fasting blood glucose levels between mild periodontitis group and moderate, severe periodontitis group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in HbA1c levels among the mild, moderate and severe groups (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences in fasting blood glucose levels between the groups with various degrees of progression in the following order: active (11.24 mmol /L) > resting (9.64 mmol/L) > control (8.82 mmol/L) (P < 0.05). Conclusion The severity of chronic periodontitis plays no role in the level of HbA1c, instead, the level of fasting plasma glucose changes with the severity and progression of chronic periodontitis.
Objective The purpose of this study was to a new operative approach for sagittal condylar fractures via a preauricular small incision-based technique and to examine the effectiveness of this approach. Methods Fifteen patients (19 sides) with sagittal condylar fractures were included in the study. The incision length was approximately 4 cm through the tragus, exposing the superficial temporal vessels, which was then pulled forward. Next, the deep temporal superficial fascia was cut, and the surface of the zygomatic arch and the articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint were exposed. Joint capsule incision was performed, with mandibular condylar fracture fixation under direct vision. We followed up with the patients postoperatively for 6 months with clinical and radiographic examinations. Results All patients had 1 week postoperation before being discharged, during which 2 cases of mild facial paralysis (with lateral temporal level Ⅱ facial paralysis, with lateral temporal branch level Ⅲ facial paralysis and level Ⅱ zygomatic branch of facial nerve paralysis after treatment) were observed, after given nerve nutrition agents, 2 cases returned to normal within 3 months. No patient exhibited a postoperative delayed fistula infection or other serious complications. Intraoperative occlusion relationships recovered well, and postoperative CTs suggested that the fracture ends and condyles were in good condition. The occlusion relationship was normal for 3 months after surgery, with a degree of opening greater than 30 mm, no play in the joints and no oblique openings being observed, and reexamination 6 months after the surgery revealed no obvious scars. Conclusion This surgical method involves a small incision and clear anatomic structures and avoids damage to the facial nerve. This method provides better surgical vision for treatment of sagittal condylar fractures, is safe and convenient, and deserves clinical recommendation.
Objective To study the clinical manifestations and biological characteristics of Stafne bone cavity and to reduce misdiagnosis and excessive treatment. Methods Four cases of typical Stafne bone cavity, including clinical features and follow-up data, were retrospectively analyzed, and the results, combined with a review of the literature, were analyzed in terms of the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and treatment of Stafne bone cavity. Results Stafne bone cavity is also known as static bone cavity, idiopathic bone cavity, latent bone cavity defects, aberrant salivary glands, heterotopic mandibular salivary glands, mandibular lingual bone cavity, mandibular lingual cortical bone defect, etc. The incidence of Stafne bone cavity is approximately 0.5%. This condition is easily misdiagnosed as a jaw or jaw cyst tumor and treated unnecessarily. Most scholars believe that the causes of Stafne bone cavity can be divided into two types: developmental and glandular. Stafne bone cavity is characterized by either no symptoms or occasional pain. This condition is observed mostly in 40-60-year-old male patients. The imaging diagnostic criteria for Stafne bone cavity are as follows: ① projecting round or ovoid mandible and uniform density with a distinct bone-cortical white line; ② clearly distinguishable from adjacent structures, such as teeth; ③ typical location in the mandibular angle and molar area, below the mandibular neural tube. Most Stafne bone cavities without advanced bone destruction do not require treatment, although individual cases may gradually progress. Conclusion Stafne bone cavity presents no symptoms or causes occasional pain and can be clearly diagnosed with CBCT. This condition does not require surgical treatment and should be followed up with observation.
Objective The present study evaluated postoperative reactions in adjacent teeth after the extraction of lower-level horizontal-impacted mandibular third molars using a T-shaped splitting method. Methods A total of 101 patients with lower-level horizontal impaction of mandibular third molars were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The impacted mandibular third molar was extracted using a T-shaped splitting method in group A （56 cases）, and the traditional two-section method was used in group B （45 cases）。 Postoperative reactions, including temperature sensitivity, percussion pain and mobility in the adjacent teeth, were compared between the 2 groups at 1-week, 2-week, and 1-month follow-up visits. The SPSS 13.0 software package was used for the statistical analysis. Results The postoperative reactions of temperature sensitivity （χ21w= 11.81, χ22w = 17.43, P < 0.05）, percussion pain （χ21w = 8.70, χ22w = 4.75, P < 0.05） and mobility （χ21w = 4.50, χ22w = 7.10, P < 0.05） in adjacent teeth in group A were significantly less than those in group B at the 1-week and 2-week follow-up visits. The temperature sensitivity in adjacent teeth in group A was significantly less than that in group B at the 1-month follow-up visit （χ2 = 7.10, P < 0.05）, but percussion pain and mobility in adjacent teeth disappeared in both groups. Conclusion The T-shaped splitting method for the extraction of mandibular lower-level horizontal impacted third molars can reduce the postoperative reactions in adjacent teeth.
Dental caries are the most common and widespread biofilm-dependent oral disease. Nanotechnology promises to be a useful strategy for dental caries management by combating caries-related bacteria, decreasing biofilm accumulation, inhibiting demineralization and enhancing remineralization. Many potential applications of nanotechnology in the development of anticaries materials have recently been reported, especially for anticaries?adhesive?nanomaterials and anticaries?nanofilled composite resins. This review summarizes the current progress in the application of functional nanoparticles in the following products: antibacterial?nanomaterials, remineralizing nanomaterials and nanodrug delivery systems.
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
